Architectural - stylistic features of stone churches of Halychyna of the end XIX of the beginning of XX centuries
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History of church architecture West - Ukrainian the grounds represent constructions of Old Halych and temples of Lviv to middle of XVIII centuries. However it is necessary to note, that the most intensive temple construction in Halychyna were conducted in end ХІХ - the beginnings of XX centuries. For an example, only in the Lviv diocese in 1882-1918 it was constructed over 300 builded Greek-Catholic churches [18; 16; 17; 19; 20]. Except for a plenty, the temple architecture of this period differs a variety of styles and directions that is why demands special attention.
End ХІХ of century the most eventful political and national rise. All this was created on plant louses of adverse internal - national and foreign circumstances. As investigation - in this period still there are churches elements of "kircho-like" type which was distributed in Halychyna from the end of XVIII centuries: church Sacred Paraskeva in Knjazholuka, Dolyna’s dean's (1883); church Sacred Nikolaj in Hanachivka, Bibrka’s dean's (1910); Sobora Ivan Krestitelja's church in Verhnje Synjevydne, Skole’s dean's (1883). Last in this list is synthesis "kircho-like" and threekonha’s churches.
Significant amount of builded temples belongs to current "Traditional" which was applied by national masters. On a separate place it is necessary to allocate regional feature of a frame of the Ternopol temples which outstanding portal contains frescos or mosaics of icons: church sacred’s Kazma and Demian in Zabojky, Kozliv’s dean's (1897); church of Indefatigable help of are Sacred Virgin in Dvurichcha, Mykulynci’s dean's (1905); church Introductions in a Temple of are Sacred Virgin in Bernadivci, Terebovlja’s dean's (1882).
Reforms of Grieko-Catholic church of 1882 [7, 233] and assignment by the Lviv Metropolitan Sil'vestra Sembratovicha [11, 126] has given a push to change of sights and concerning sacral architecture. Time demanded new decisions which would unite old traditions with modern stylistic attributes. A significant push was education in the Lviv Technical Academy of an architectural department in 1873. After reception of the status of the supreme technical school of the European sample in 1877 of the beginnings to grow its influence on Halychyna architecture as a whole. The important role in this process have played pedagogical, creative and organizing activity Julian Zaharievich which held a post of the rector of Polytechnical school in 1877/78, 1878/79, 1881/82 years [8, 99-101].
Significant distribution gets a direction of "historicism" that carries the best features of previous epoch. In builded churches Halychyna this style is shown in several directions, first of which neoromance.
Pyramidal neoromance a roof on cross a construction has found considerable distribution among галичских churches: Revival God’s in Shybalyn, Berezhany dean's (1904); over Nikolay in Serednyky, Mykulynci’s dean's (1910); Fallen Asleep are Sacred Virgin in Tovschiv, Vinniky’s dean's (1910); Covers Sacred of are Virgin (executed in Romance forms) in Cherneliv Russian, the Ternopol dean's (1912); over Nikolay in Busk (1914). Following we have prototypes konha’s the churches treated in neoromance style: church of Christmas are Sacred Virgin in Makropol, Zalizci’s (1896); church of Rise God’s in Nastasivci, Mykulynci’s dean's (1905). To neoromance also it is possible to relate church Covers are Sacred Virgin in Mistky, Schyrec’s dean's (1894) - one-efficient a basil with buttresses on perimeter and a step pediment.
As example neobaroque the church of Introduction in Temple are Sacred Virgin in Chyzhykiv, Vynnyky’s dean's (1893).
Neorevival Features inherent in group of churches: Immaculate conception are Sacred Virgin in Danylche, Rohatyn’s dean's (1911); Phenomena of God in Humenec, Schyrec’s dean's (1914); Christmas are Sacred Virgin in Dunaiv, Naraiv’s dean's (1913).
In parallel with "historicism" from end ХІХ century develops "eclecticism" which synthesizing classical forms the increasing gives them the Ukrainian fig. For an example it is possible to name church over Michael in Mines, the Nikolaev dean's (1885) which successfully unites neoromance style and the Kiev baroque.
It is necessary to recollect church over Nikolay in Honcharivka Zolochiv’s dean's (1911) which is allocated with the greatness of architectural weights. Its forms remind the Vladimir cathedral in Kiev, only in the smaller sizes. In a basis of a construction lays cross-like equipotential the plan. Windows lateral sides navis, nartex and an altar consist of three connected arch’s windows which proceed on all perimeter of a facade decorative semicircular arches. This reception has strongly pronounced romance character. Except for arches the church is decorated rhombic Halychyna’s with an ornament.
The following interesting product of this direction - church Mironosits in Bolehiv (1899). Here the incorporated elements neobaroque and neoromance styles. The cross-dome type is put in a basis of a volumetric - spatial composition with two towers, completed by baths at an entrance. Three-storied towers on perimeter decorated with several strips of arcades and semicircular neoromance a frieze. The bath has neobaroque character.
At this time temples which united in itself the elements, inherent the greater for the Ukrainian wooden churches took place. As an example, it is possible to allocate: Church of Transferring Rests Sacred Nikolay in Potochany Naraiv’s dean's (1902); Church Sacred Yosafata in Deviatnyky, Strilyska’s dean's (1904); Church Sacred Ivan Bogoslov in Ozerianka, Zborov’s dean's (1905); Church Sacred Nikolay in Bolotnia, Naraiv’s dean's (1912).
Significant role for becoming new architectural directions belongs to Ivan Levins'kyj, that gave the constructions of the Ukrainian character, using motives of the Ukrainian national construction and national ornament [5, T4, 1263]. In 1903, became the professor of the Lviv polyengineering and having the civil engineering firm, not only is engaged in building business, but also prepares for a line of talented architects, such as Alexander Lushpins'ky, Tadeush Обмінський, Lev Levyns’kyj and other which successfully introduce in Halychyna "modernist style" - that dominated in Europe in the beginning XX century [13, 156].
The interesting decision of a temple in it styles offered in 1913 Alexander Lushpins'kij in village Utihovichi, Peremyshliany’s dean's and in village Dovhe Stryj’s dean's in 1917.
Church Sacred Dmitry in Obroshyno, Horodok’s dean's (1914) in which Alexander Lushpins'ky and Tadeush Obmins’kyj have offered the nonconventional approach. The impression is created, which typical one-dome cross the construction has passed through "prism" of rectangular forms. Continuous direct lines easy and very delicately supplement round a staircase which adjoins on the left side and the big semicircular window above an entrance.
In church Sacred Paraskieva in Shevchenkovo (Veldizh), Dolyna’s dean's (1910) architects Alexander Lushpins'kyj the bath has the expressed "Russian" form.
O.Lushpins'ky - the representative of the Ukrainian modernist style who applied the stylized receptions of national wooden architecture. [10, 379]. To his creative inheritance belong churches in Mykytynci, Klicko, Shevchenkovo, Vorobljachyn, Dobrivliany, Tys’menycia and others [5, T4, 1390].
Tadeush Obmins’kij has finished 1898 the Lviv polytechnical institute. Till 1914 periodically cooperated with Ivan Levits'kyj's architectural workshop [10, 444].
Among examples of modern temple architecture also it is necessary to note churches Sacred Nikolay in Yaktoriv, Univ’s dean's (1914); Revival God’s in Uhers’ko Stryj’s dean's (1913); Covers are Sacred Virgin in Rozsohy, Peremyshliany’s dean's (1914); Sacred Dmitry in Zhuriv, Burshtyn’s dean's (1912); Sacred Michael in Kal’na, Bolehiv’s dean's (1910).
For the statement of national architecture life and Vasily Nagirnyj's creativity had a significant role, that in 1898, together with young artists, has formed in Lviv the first professional organization Ukrainian artists "the Society for development of rus’koj piece". From 308 builded churches constructed in the Lviv diocese during 1882-1918 years, - the authorship of a quarter from them belongs to Vasily Nagirnyj. The greatest quantity of his projects realized in Oles’ko’s, Hlyniany’s, Zolochiv’s, Yarychiv’s, Horodok’s, Nikolaev’s, Zhydachiv’s, Rohatyn’s, Noveselo’s, Skalat’s dean's.
One of beautiful builded five-dome churches Nagirnyj’s is in Tuhl’a [15]. Stately churches on five dome constructed also in Cherniv [2] (on a sample of the Sofia church in Carhorod) [1], Voroblyk Korolivs’kyj [6, 85; 3, Ч.95], Berezdivci, Dolyna, Toky, Kalush, Stojaniv, Shidnycia, Mosty Velyki [14, 50, 79] and the greatest in Yavoriv [15; 4, Ч.242]. Beautiful cross in the plan with eight cut pylons on corners sides builded church Sacred Dmitry in with. Dmitry near Schyrec constructed 1898 [17, 339]. Stately church over Ivan Bogoslova in the village Suhovolja, builded, constructed 1912 [17, 100].
Very original for lay-out the decision, stately church Covers Sacred Virgin, placed at edge of small town Bibrka [9], builded, constructed 1906 [17, 37].
With the refinement amaze three - dome churches in Mykolaiv (near Vynnyky), Utishkiv, Hrybovychi and Perehnoiv.
And all behind projects Vasyl Nahirnyj it is constructed more as 200 churches [12]. In which from has connected the Byzantian traditions on the cross-dome space-planning decision to a classicism and elements halychynas national architecture.
Summing up the carried out(spent) researches it is possible to ascertain, that in this period the interlacing of different style directions which conditionally can be divided on is traced: traditional (one-, two-, threeunits basils, and single-chamber churches with regional features of a facade); a historicism (use of styles neoromance, neorevival, neobaroque, neoclassicism in more or less pure kind); eclecticism (use of styles neoromance, neorevival, neobaroque, neoclassicism in the mixed kind, frequently with addition of elements of a national ornament); a modernist style (aspiration to enter new nonconventional forms).
Thus, starting from decline and destructions at the end of XVIII centuries Halychyna’s the builded church has reached to a stage of search entirely the new architectural decision in end ХІХ - in the beginning of XX centuries. 1. Батьківщина.— Львів, 1887 р.— Ч.45, С.271-272. 2.
Батьківщина.— Львів, 1890 р.— Ч.38 і 39, С.500-501.S.17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 47,
55, 57. 5. Енциклопедія Українознавства. // За редакцією Володимира Кубійовича. — Львів: НТШ, 1996. 6. Іванусів О. Церква в руїні.— Канада, 1987 р.— С.85. 11. Панас К. Історія Української Церкви.— Львів: НВП «Трансінтех», 1992.— С.126. 12. Посмертна згадка. // Батьківщина.—Львів, 1921 р.—Ч.1, С.7. 14. Слободян В. Церкви України: Перемиська єпархія.— Львів, 1998 р.— С.50, 79. 15. Устиянович К. Церкви Нагірного. // Діло.— Львів, 1902 р.— Ч.262, С.3. 16. Шематизм Львівської архієпархії на 1904 р.— Львів, 1904. 17. Шематизм Львівської архієпархії на 1914 р.— Львів, 1914. 18. Шематизм Львівської архієпархії на 1918 р.— Львів, 1918. 19. Шематизм Львівської архієпархії на 1924 р.— Львів, 1924. 20. Шематизм Львівської архієпархії на 1935-36 рр. — Львів, 1935 р.Львів, 1903 р.— С.233. При використанні матеріалів даної статті, прошу посилатись на джерело: Бобош Г. Архітектурно-стилістичні особливості мурованих церков Галичини кінця ХІХ — початку ХХ ст. // Історія релігій в Україні. Праці ХІІ-ї міжнародної наукової конференції.—Т.ІІ.— Львів, 2002.— С.181-191. Більш ширше ця тематика розглянута у наступних публікаціях: 2. Бобош Г. Основні тенденції містобудівельного розміщення об’єктів у мурованому церковному будівництві в 1914 і 1935 роках (на прикладі Львівської єпархії) // Вісник ДУ“ЛП” №375 “Архітектура”. — Львів, 1999.— С.160-165. 3. Бобош Г. Галицькі муровані трибанні церкви кін.XIX — поч.XX ст. // Вісник НУ“ЛП” №410 “Архітектура”. — Львів, 2000.—С.219-222. 4. Бобош Г. Вплив присвяти мурованої церкви на її просторову орієнтацію (на прикладі Львівської Архиєпархії) // Вісник НУ“ЛП” №439 “Архітектура”. — Львів, 2002.—С.179-183. 5. Бобош Г. Історичний досвід у формуванні храмової архітектури третього тисячоліття // Архітектура та будівництво третього тисячоліття. Матеріали конференції молодих вчених.— Київ, 2002.— С.19-23. 6. Бобош Г. Методика орієнтації осі при розміщенні храмів в існуючій планувальній структурі поселень//Перспективні напрямки проектування житлових та громадських будівель: 36.наук.пр. (Спеціальний випуск: Сучасне храмобудування).— Київ, 2003.— С.33-37. 7. Бобош Г. Формування хрещатої мурованої церкви у Галичині в кінці XVIII– на початку XX ст. //Перспективні напрямки проектування житлових та громадських будівель: 36.наук.пр.— Київ, 2003.— С.274-279. 8. Бобош Г. Розвиток хрещато-банної мурованої церкви У Галичині наприкінці ХVІІІ — напочатку ХХ ст. (на прикладі Львівської єпархії) // Історія релігій в Україні. Праці ХІІІ-ї міжнародної наукової конференції.—Т.ІІ.— Львів, 2003.— С.504-509. 10. Бобош Г. Збагачення маршрутів Олесько-Підгорецько-Золочівського туристичного регіону пам’ятками сакральної архітектури // Вісник НУЛП.— Львів, 2005.—№531: “Архітектура”. —С.140-146. 11. Bobosh H. Ważność historycznego doświadczenia przy projektowaniu budowli sakralnych // Zeszyty naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. — Gliwice, 2006. —№ 44 „Architektura” — S. 11-16. 12. Бобош Г. Церковна топографія Галичини початку XX ст. (на прикладі Львівської єпархії) // Історична топографія і соціотопографія України. 36ірник наукових праць — Львів: Інститут археографії НАН України, 2006 — С. 331-347 13. Бобош Г. Найтрагічніші сторінки з історії галицької сакральної архітектури // Вісник Львівського державного аграрного університету: Архітектура і сільське будівництво.— Львів: Львівський держагроуніверситет, 2007.— № 8.— С.257-263. Всі дослідження грунтуються на натурних обстеженнях 482 мурованих церков, побудованих протягом 1772-1918 рр. у Львівській єпархії. |